History of Costa Rica :: Culture Cultural History Essays

History of Costa Rica Human residence can be followed back over 10,000 years however it shows up Costa Rica was meagerly populated and a relative backwater in the pre-Columbian time. There is minimal indication of significant networks and none of the noteworthy stone design that portrayed the further developed civic establishments of Mesoamerica toward the north and the Andes toward the south. At the point when Columbus showed up close Lim⠢â ¢n on September 18, 1502 on his third and last journey to the Americas, there were presumably close to 20,000 indigenous occupants They lived in a few self-governing clans, all with particular societies and customs. Costa Rica's just major archeological site is at Guayabo, 30 miles east of San Jos‚‚, where an old city, going back to 1000 B.C. furthermore, however to have contained 10,000 individuals at its pinnacle, is as of now being uncovered. Many fascinating gold, jade and ceramics curios have been found all through the locale and are in plain view in a few exhibition halls in San Jose. The Indians gave Columbus gold and he came back to Europe with reports of an ample gracefully of the yellow metal. Be that as it may, the travelers who showed up to trade out discovered just threatening Indians, bogs and sickness for their difficulty. A few early endeavors to colonize the Atlantic coast fizzled for similar reasons and for practically 50 years Costa Rica was ignored while colonization accumulated pace in nations toward the north and south. In 1562, the Spanish principle's managerial focus in Guatemala sent Juan Vasquez de Coronado to Costa Rica as senator and Cartago was built up as the capital the next year. With no Indian captives to work the land, the homesteaders had to work the land themselves, fixing a pitiful means by plowing little plots. The ruined province developed gradually and was for all intents and purposes disregarded by the Spanish rulers in Guatemala. By the late eighteenth century, the settlements that would buela had been established and fares of wheat and tobacco were making financial conditions to some degree better. Focal America picked up freedom from Spain on September 15, 1821. The news arrived at Costa Rica a month after the occasion. The topic of whether Costa Rica should join recently free Mexico or join another confederation of Central American states brought about a harsh fight between the pioneers of San Jose and their partners in Cartago and Heredia. A concise common war in 1823 was won by San Jose and Costa Rica joined the confederation.

Construction Of Real Numbers

Development Of Real Numbers All mathematicians know (or think they think) about the genuine numbers. Anyway normally we simply acknowledge the genuine numbers as being there as opposed to considering absolutely what they are. In this undertaking I will endeavors to respond to that question. We will start with positive whole numbers and afterward progressively build the levelheaded lastly the genuine numbers. Additionally indicating how genuine numbers fulfill the maxim of the upper bound, while discerning numbers don't. This shows every single genuine number combine towards the Cauchys succession. 1 Introduction What is genuine examination; genuine investigation is a field in arithmetic which is applied in numerous zones including number hypothesis, likelihood hypothesis. All mathematicians know (or think they think) about the genuine numbers. Anyway generally we simply acknowledge the genuine numbers as being there as opposed to considering decisively what they are. The point of this examination is to investigate number hypothesis to show the distinction between genuine numbers and sane numbers. Improvements in math were fundamentally made in the seventeenth and eighteenth century. Models from the writing can be given, for example, the evidence that Ï€ can't be balanced by Lambert, 1971. During the advancement of math in the seventeenth century the whole arrangement of genuine numbers were utilized without having them characterized unmistakably. The principal individual to discharge a definition on genuine numbers was Georg Cantor in 1871. In 1874 Georg Cantor uncovered that the arrangement of every single genuine number are uncountable boundless however the arrangement of every mathematical number are countable unbounded. As should be obvious, genuine investigation is a to some degree hypothetical field that is firmly identified with numerical ideas utilized in many parts of financial aspects, for example, analytics and likelihood hypothesis. The idea that I have discussed in my venture are the genuine number framework. 2 Definitions Regular numbers Regular numbers are the key numbers which we use to check. We can include and increase two characteristic numbers and the outcome would be another regular number, these tasks comply with different guidelines. (Stirling, p.2, 1997) Balanced numbers Balanced numbers comprises of all quantities of the structure a/b where an and b are whole numbers and that b ≠0, sane numbers are normally called parts. The utilization of normal numbers grants us to unravel conditions. For instance; a + b = c, promotion = e, for a where b, c, d, e are for the most part judicious numbers and a ≠0. Activities of deduction and division (with non zero divisor) are conceivable with every single balanced number. (Stirling, p.2, 1997) Genuine numbers Genuine numbers can likewise be called unreasonable numbers as they are not judicious numbers like pi, square base of 2, e (the base of normal log). Genuine numbers can be given by a vast number of decimals; genuine numbers are utilized to quantify constant amounts. There are two fundamental properties that are associated with genuine numbers requested fields and least upper limits. Requested fields state that genuine numbers contains a field with expansion, augmentation and division by non zero number. For the least upper bound in the event that a non void arrangement of genuine numbers has an upper bound, at that point it is called least upper bound. Arrangements A Sequence is a lot of numbers organized in a specific request with the goal that we realize which number is first, second, third and so on and that at any positive regular number at n; we realize that the number will be in nth spot. In the event that a grouping has a capacity, an, at that point we can mean the nth term by an. A succession is ordinarily meant by a1, a2, a3, a4†¦ this whole arrangements can be composed as or (an). You can utilize any letter to indicate the arrangement like x, y, z and so forth so giving (xn), (yn), (zn) as successions We can likewise make aftereffect from successions, so on the off chance that we state that (bn) is an aftereffect of (an) if for each n∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ we get; bn = hatchet for some x ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ and bn+1 = by for some y ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ and x > y. We can on the other hand envision an aftereffect of an arrangement being a grouping that has had terms missing from the first succession for instance we can say that a2, a4 is an aftereffect if a1, a2, a3, a4. A grouping is expanding if an+1 ≠¥ a ∀ n ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¢. Correspondingly, a succession is diminishing if an+1 ≠¤ a ∀ n ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¢. In the event that the succession is either expanding or diminishing it is known as a monotone arrangement. There are a few distinct kinds of successions, for example, Cauchy grouping, focalized arrangement, monotonic succession, Fibonacci arrangement, look and see arrangement. I will discuss just 2 of the successions Cauchy and Convergent groupings. Focalized arrangements A succession (an) of genuine number is known as a merged arrangements if a keeps an eye on a limited breaking point as nâ†'∞. On the off chance that we state that (a) has a cutoff a∈ F whenever given any ÃŽ µ > 0, ÃŽ µ ∈ F, k∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ | an a | < ÃŽ µ n ≠¥ k On the off chance that a has a breaking point an, at that point we can compose it as liman = an or (a) â†' a. Cauchy Sequence A Cauchy arrangement is a grouping wherein numbers become nearer to one another as the succession advances. In the event that we state that (an) is a Cauchy arrangement whenever given any ÃŽ µ > 0, ÃŽ µ ∈ F, k∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ | an am | < ÃŽ µ n,m ≠¥ k. Gary Sng Chee Hien, (2001). Limited sets, Upper Bounds, Least Upper Bounds A set is called limited if there is a sure feeling of limited size. A set R of genuine numbers is called limited of there is a genuine number Q with the end goal that Q ≠¥ r for all r in R. the number M is known as the upper bound of R. A set is limited on the off chance that it has both upper and lower limits. This is extendable to subsets of any halfway arranged set. A subset Q of a mostly requested set R is called limited previously. In the event that there is a component of Q ≠¥ r for all r in R, the component Q is called an upper bound of R 3 Real number framework Characteristic Numbers Characteristic numbers (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¢) can be signified by 1,2,3†¦ we can characterize them by their properties arranged by connection. So on the off chance that we think about a set S, if the connection is not exactly or equivalent to on S For each x, y ∈ S x ≠¤ y as well as y ≠¤ x In the event that x ≠¤ y and y ≠¤ x, at that point x = y On the off chance that x ≠¤ y and y ≠¤ z, at that point x ≠¤ z On the off chance that each of the 3 properties are met we can consider S an arranged set. (Giles, p.1, 1972) Genuine numbers Maxims for genuine numbers can be spilt in to 3 gatherings; mathematical, request and culmination. Logarithmic Axioms For all x, y ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢ , x + y ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢  and xy ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢ . For all x, y, z ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢ , (x + y) + z = x (y + z). For all x, y ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢ , x + y = y + x. There is a number 0 ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢  with the end goal that x + 0 = x = 0 + x for all x ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢ . For every x ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢ , there exists a relating number (- x) ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢  to such an extent that x + (- x) = 0 = (- x) + x For all x, y, z ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢ , (x y) z = x (y z). For all x, y ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢  x y = y x. There is number 1 ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢  with the end goal that x 1 = x = 1 x, for all x ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢  For every x ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢  with the end goal that x ≠0, there is a comparing number (x-1) ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢  to such an extent that (x-1) = 1 = (x-1) x A10. For all x, y, z ∈ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢ , x (y + z) = x y + x z (Hart, p.11, 2001) Request Axioms Any pair x, y of genuine numbers fulfills absolutely one of the accompanying relations: (a) x < y; (b) x = y; (c) y < x. In the event that x < y and y < z, at that point x < z. In the event that x < y, at that point x + z < y +z. In the event that x < y and z > 0, at that point x z < y z (Hart, p.12, 2001) Culmination Axiom In the event that a non-void set A has an upper bound, it has a least upper bound The thing which recognizes à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢  from is the Completeness Axiom. An upper bound of a non-void subset An of R is a component b ∈R with b a for every one of the a ∈A. A component M ∈ R is a least upper bound or supremum of An if M is an upper bound of An and on the off chance that b is an upper bound of An, at that point b M. That is, on the off chance that M is a least upper bound of An, at that point (b ∈ R)(x ∈ A)(b x) b M A lower bound of a non-void subset An of R is a component d ∈ R with d a for every one of the a ∈A. A component m ∈ R is a biggest lower bound or infimum of An if m is a lower bound of An and on the off chance that d is an upper bound of An, at that point m d. On the off chance that every one of the 3 adages are fulfilled it is known as a total arranged field. John oConnor (2002) maxims of genuine numbers Discerning numbers Maxims for Rational numbers The maxim of levelheaded numbers work with +, x and the connection ≠¤, they can be characterized on relating to what we know on N. For on +(add) has the accompanying properties. For each x,y ∈ , there is a special component x + y ∈ For each x,y ∈ , x + y = y + x For each x,y,z ∈ , (x + y) + z = x + (y + z) There exists a special component 0 ∈ to such an extent that x + 0 = x for all x ∈ To each x ∈ there exists a special component (- x) ∈ to such an extent that x + (- x) = 0 For on x(multiplication) has the accompanying properties. To each x,y ∈ , there is a special component x y ∈ For each x,y ∈ , x y = y x For each x,y,z ∈ , (x y) x z = x (y x z) There exists a one of a kind component 1 ∈ with the end goal that x 1 = x for all x ∈ To each x ∈ , x ≠0 there exists a one of a kind component ∈ with the end goal that x = 1 For both include and augmentation properties there is a closer, commutative, acquainted, personality and opposite on + and x, the two properties can be connected by. For each x,y,z ∈ , x (y + z) = (x y) + (x z) For with a request connection of ≠¤, the connection property is <. For each x ∈ , either x < 0, 0 < x or x = 0 For each x,y ∈ , where 0 < x, 0 < y then 0 < x + y and 0 < x y For each x,y ∈ , x < y if 0 < y x (Giles, pp.3-4, 1972) From both the aphorisms of balanced numbers and genuine numbers, we can see that they are about the equivalent separated from a couple of bits like judicious numbers don't contain square base of 2 while genuine numbers do. Both balanced and genuine numbers

And so it is

And so it is… I am born! (Or rather, my blog is born.) This is (virtually) my first blog post ever! I hope you enjoy following my adventures in MIT Admissions. For an introduction on me, you can check out my introduction blurb. To kick off my new blog, I thought Id do some blogging from the road, with some day in the lifes, similar to others that have been done in previous years (see left-hand column of the the road link). So feel free to follow along on my six weeks of adventures in Michigan, Texas, Seattle, and New York City! Michigan My first stop is Southeast Michigan the place where I grew up! I decided to start the trip early and hang out with the fam for a bit, so I flew home a week early. We went up north for Labor Day weekend. [SIDEBAR: for those that arent familiar with the great state of Michigan, Michigan has two peninsulas the upper peninsula (known as the UP pronounced you pee, not up as in the direction) and the lower peninsula (I dont think Ive ever heard this called the LP or any shorter name I dont know why). If you live in southern part of the lower peninsula, going up north usually refers to either a) going to the northern part of the lower peninsula, or b) going to the UP. In my case its choice A.] On the 4-hour drive up, we stopped at Taco Bell (mmmmsoft tacos), and finally arrived at my parents cabin around 3pm. We then watched the Michigan football game for a bit, and then went to dinner with some family friends. After dinner, we played some Wii (my Mom recently got a Wii at her retirement party), and headed to bed. The next day, we slept in, and went to a late brunch at one of my favorite local restaurants, Toonies. (OMG I didnt even know they had a website!) After that, my Mom wanted to go [blueberry/raspberry/peach/nectarine/apricot/some other in-season fruit] picking at a nearby orchard, so we quickly drove over to King Orchards. All the blueberries were picked for the season, and we didnt want to pick prickly raspberries, so we went for the peaches and nectarines. Theres Mom and Sis bein silly. Only $15 for a half-bushel! We also bought a bag of fresh apricots. We also bought some yummy (real) cherry soda. (Sorry, I dont have a picture of that!) Its too bad it wasnt later in the season, or we couldve started picking apples. I love apple picking. After that we headed to a local golf course called The Farm to play some late-day golf. Here are just a few of the pictures I took of the scenery: The area, like Vermont and New Hampshire, has some of the most beautiful foliage in the Fall. Unfortunately, most of the trees havent started turning colors yet. Sad face. After dinner, we watched this Japanese movie (with English subtitles) about this little girl and her family who rescued a dog off the street. The dog had babies, and then there was a big earthquake. Without spoiling the movie (because Im sure youre going to somehow figure out which movie this is based on a 2-sentence plot description and no title), the dog tries to help rescue the family in Lassie-style fashion. My sister bawled her eyes out. Her husband (my brother-in-law) and I made fun of her. She smacked us. My Mom recently bought Wii Fit, so after the movie, we played that for a while sooo addicting. But at least youre exercising while you play! I found out that I am horrible at yoga The next day, we drove back home, stopping at Toonies for another late brunch before heading out on the road. All in all, it was a fun and relaxing weekend. Anyways, theres a brief synopsis of my adventures up north while at home in Michigan. Ill write more soon with a recap of my meeting in Ann Arbor, as well as my recent escapades in Houston P.S. Can you guess the song that the title of this entry comes from? The subtitle is also a (altered) clue. As often as I can, Ill be taking lyrics from some of my favorite songs and using them as blog entry titles (inspired by/stolen from Sam, although I probably will not be able to pull it off as cleverly or interestingly as he did). Solution to come in the next entry.

Energy Conversation States Essay - 1807 Words

TMA03 Covering Block 3 Question 1 (a) An impactor mass of 45 kg is used to represent the weight of child reasonably regarded to be involved in an accident with glass or plastics. (b) The BS standards gives the manufacturers a clear set of standards that their products need to achieve to be safe and fit for the purpose that they have been designed for. It also gives the purchaser the expectation that the item has reached the standards set down by the BSI and will be a safe for the expected life of the item. (c) (i) The energy on impact is calculated by using the following equations: Potential Energy (PE) = mass x gravity x height This gives the potential energy at the height when†¦show more content†¦The stiffness of the beam will depend upon the properties of the material used in its construction and the component geometry of the design of the beam. (ii) In the Dorman Long patent the suggested material of construction plate/sheet steel. The use of plate/sheet steel is favoured due to its stiffness compared to its weight and that it can be easily folded or rolled in the construction of the lintel. (c) (i) Refer back to claim 1 of the Catnic patent as discussed in Block 3 Part 2. List the ‘essential integers’ of the Catnic lintel, and identify which component part is absent from the Dorman Long patent. a first horizontal plate or part adapted to support a course or plurality of superimposed units forming part of the inner skin and a second horizontal plate or part substantially parallel to the first and spaced there from in a downward vertical direction and adapted to span the cavity in the cavity wall and be supported at least at each end thereof upon courses forming parts of the outer and inner skins respectively of the cavity wall adjacent an a perture, and a first rigid inclined support member extending downwardly and forwardly from or near the front edge adjacent the cavity of the first horizontal plate or part and forming with the second plate or part at an intermediate position which lies between the front and rear edgeShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Kellogg s A Cereal Company1201 Words   |  5 Pagescorner, along with the couple’s conversation. The content seems to address a general public with a traditional viewpoint of gender identity. The purpose of the ad is to promote Kellogg’s PEP vitamin infused cereal. The message conveys that the added vitamins will enhance the wife’s task performance. At the bottom of the page, the ad screams â€Å"Vitamins for pep! PEP for vitamins! (Kellogg’s)†. This reiterates that PEP cereal contains vitamins, thus, it contains energy. The cereal company continues toRead MoreImportance Of Silence And Silence1143 Words   |  5 Pagescalmness back into their minds and there is silence altogether. Conversations to silence Silence of the mind leads to 9 different forms of awareness (From where is this part taken. Please acknowledge by giving reference. Also, there is no connection drawn between these levels of awareness and Silence.try to do that) When an individual progresses towards spiritual path , his conversations may slowly turn into silence. Conversations are an outlet for an untamed mind. But it can also be the reasonRead MoreBariral And Bulunatal Issues In The LATE 1990s963 Words   |  4 PagesBILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL VISITS IN THE LATE 1990S: In 1995, Primary Reverend Benazir Bhutto paid an illness journey to Iran to lay the basis for the memorandum on energy, and focus on an Energy protection contract between the two countries. This was followed by Primary Reverend Nawaz Sharifs journey to Tehran for the 8th OIC Peak Meeting on 9–11 Dec 1997. While there Sharif organized talks with Us us primary executive Khatami, with a perspective to improving bilateral connectionsRead MoreThe World With Solar Energy Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pagesabout making a more greener world with solar energy. In the beginning of the film it was an explosion at the Chevy refinery in Richmond, CA. A lot of people were upset because of the effects it had on the community. It took us through different people lives with their contribute with solar. Rather they were a solar trainee, an entrepreneur or a businessman. The film showed us the advantages of solar energy. It did not just show us things going on in the States, but also a round the world in different countriesRead MoreKellogg s A Cereal Company1221 Words   |  5 Pagescorner, along with the couple’s conversation. The content of the image seems to discuss with an audience immersed in a traditional viewpoint of gender identity. The purpose of the ad is to promote Kellogg’s PEP vitamin infused cereal. The message conveys that the added vitamins will enhance the wife’s task performance. At the bottom of the page, the ad screams â€Å"Vitamins for pep! PEP for vitamins! (Kellogg’s)†. This reiterates that PEP cereal has vitamins, thus, it has energy. The cereal company continuesRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?997 Words   |  4 Pagesmust use less carbon dioxide released from fossil fuels. - Global warming can be reduced by saving energy. - Using less carbon dioxide from fossil fuels. - Global warming is effected by climate change. Thesis Statement: Even though people do not see global warming as a big threat, isn’t it important we educate ourselves to learn about conservation of energy; about carbon dioxide in fossil fuels and about climate change, to help reduce global warming? GlobalRead MoreFederal / National Efforts : Under Congress1225 Words   |  5 PagesMcCain-Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act failed to operate. The McCain-Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act was a combination of three different acts that require corporations to be part of cap-and-trade system for greenhouse gases. It was initiated by United States Senate John McCain and Joseph Lieberman first in 2003. However, all three acts did not pass the senate. (National Wildlife Federation) In order to examine and combat global warming, Senator Bernie Sanders and Barbara Boxer introduced the Global WarmingRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Kellogg s A Cereal Company Essay1209 Words   |  5 Pagespep or energy. The PEP cereal has vitamins, thus, it contains energy. Kellogg continues on to convince the public of this ‘fact’ by including a conversation between the husband and wife written in the lower right corner of the ad. The picture caption reads: â€Å"Gosh, Honey, you seem to thrive on cooking, cleaning, and dusting-and I’m all tuckered out by closing time. What’s the answer?† the husband asks. The wife responds by saying, â€Å"Vitamins, darling! I always get my vitamins.† The conversation illustratesRead MoreStudent Internship Evaluation Paper1141 Words   |  5 Pagesrecords before the final reimbursement is released. Name - Shamae Burrell Company/Organization - Community Labor United Department/Project Assignment – Boston Climate Action Network: Community Choice Energy Campaign Internship Location/Address - 6 Beacon St # 910 Internship City/State/Zip – Boston, MA, 02108 1. What is this organization’s mission? The mission of Community Labor United is to empower and bring together many of the strongest community-based organizations and labor unionsRead MoreKellogg s Pep Cereal Ad : A Rhetorical Analysis Essay1216 Words   |  5 Pagespep or energy. The PEP cereal has vitamins, thus, it contains energy. Kellogg continues on to convince the public of this ‘fact’ by including a conversation between the husband and wife written in the lower right corner of the ad. The picture caption reads: â€Å"Gosh, Honey, you seem to thrive on cooking, cleaning, and dusting-and I’m all tuckered out by closing time. What’s the answer?† the husband asks. The wife responds by saying, â€Å"Vitamins, darling! I always get my vitamins.† The conversation illustrates

Dream Children - 3505 Words

An Analysis of Lamb’s Dream Children Or Charles Lamb as a Romanticist Charles Lamb was a famous English prose-writer and the best representative of the new form of English literature early in the nineteenth century. He did not adhere to the old rules and classic models but made the informal essay a pliable vehicle for expressing the writer’s own personality, thus bringing into English literature the personal or familiar essay. The style of Lamb is gentle, old-fashioned and irresistibly attractive, for which there is no better illustration than Dream Children: A Reverie. From the analysis of this essay we can find Lamb’s characteristic way of expression. Dream Children records the pathetic joys in the author’s unfortunate†¦show more content†¦The author makes them cohesive with the help of coordination, conjunctions, as well as some adverbs. For instance: (8) Then I went on to say, how religious and how good their great-grandmother Field was, how beloved and respected by everybody (Adverb then and the coordination how†¦how†¦how†¦ here function as cohesive devices.) (9) but still she lived in it in a manner as if it had been her own, and kept up the dignity of the great house in a sort while she lived, which afterwards came to decay, and was nearly pulled down, and all its old ornaments stripped and carried away to the owners other house, where they were set up, and looked as awkward as if some one were to carry away the old tombs they had seen lately at the Abbey, and stick them up in Lady C.s tawdry gilt drawing-room. (Conjunction and here functions as a cohesive device.) 3 Article Feature 3.1 Narration enlivened by depiction of the children. As is illustrated in sentence (5) and (6), the author’s narration of the great-grandmother and his brother is enlivened by a certain depiction concerning the children. Incidentally, while preparing his ultimate solemn effect, Lamb has inspired us with a new, intensified vision of the wistful beauty of children--their imitativeness, their facile and generous emotions, their anxiety to be correct, their ingenuous haste to escape from grief into joy. This vision gives us an impression that they seem real, thus makes the revelation in the endShow MoreRelated Analysis of Dream Children Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Dream Children  Ã‚     Ã‚   The question is asked as to why Gail Godwin titles her story Dream Children when it seems that only one dream child is mentioned. It is simply because there is more then one dream child, and they are present in more places then just the McNair’s house. Gail Godwin makes the assumption that many people are or were dream children, including Mrs. McNair. Mrs. McNair was a dream child when she was young, and she has carried the special abilities of dream childrenRead MoreAutism : Children And Your Dreams1276 Words   |  6 Pagesyour children and your dreams. I will make sure that every day you wake up you will cry, wondering who will take care of my child after I die? And the truth is, I am still winning, and you are scared. And you should be. I am autism. You ignored me. That was a mistake†¦.† ( I am Autism 2009 Autism Speaks commercial) Is this really autism? Is this what 1 in 68 children across America are diagnosed with? Is this what my child is diagnosed with? Autism will rob me of my children and my dreams? I willRead MoreSocial Provisions Of Real And Imaginary Relationships1253 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone needs a friend, and when some children do not have friends it is hard for them to socially mature. When imaginary companions are created, it helps develop children’s social interactions. 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As all the information is gathered, it is believed that the wish as fulfilled is shown only in a state of repression during sleep. It is universally known that dreams are full of meanings and emotions. In Freud’s theory, all dreams are wish fulfillments or at least attempts at wish fulfillment. The dreams are usually presented in an unrecognizable form because the wishes are repressed. Freud proposes there are two levels in the structure of dreams, the manifest contents

Over Population Essay Free Essays

The rapid increase of the Earth’s population is becoming an issue due to the depletion of forests and limited resources. There has been a dramatic increase in the World’s population by 5. 8 million from 1900 to the present day. We will write a custom essay sample on Over Population Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this era humans are reproducing more than in previous times causing them to cluster near each other in cities and to live in crowded conditions with limited resources. If the world continues to carry on these factors, in the near future the earth will not sustain its resources. There are many factors that contribute to the overpopulation of the world. Developing countries in need of education, major gap in wealth along with social class and the exploitation of earth’s resources are factors of overpopulation. In some countries, many individuals do not have money or the opportunity to be educated and as a result they do not know how to control the population in the means of using protection to control. â€Å"Lack of family planning is commonly seen in the illiterate lot of the world rise in birth rate.† (Beddinton, J, 2010) Illiteracy is an important factor that contributes to overpopulation. It has been proved that individuals with a minimum of a post-secondary education are likely to have fewer kids than those who do not possess a post-secondary education. â€Å"1/3 of the population growth in the world is the result of incidental or unwanted pregnancies. † (Beddington, J, 2010) The concept of birth control isn’t quite accepted in many cultures. Using birth control measures is considered forbidden in certain cultures. In some cultures, male children are preferred. This ultimately forces couples to produce children till a child of the preferred gender is conceived. Women are often pressured from the family and society to children. It is a role that women are given, not by choice, but by their societies. They are child bearers and always will be. â€Å"Those lacking education don’t quite understand the need to curb population growth. Modern methods of birth control and  family planning don’t reach certain societies either, making it difficult for them to have methods of curbing their growing population. † (Oak, M, 2012) These people are unable to understand what impact overpopulation can have because they are not taught about the international concern not do they have time to think about it with all that they already deal with. Those with education can make more responsible decisions about marriage and childbirth. Thus education is an effective tool to curb overpopulation. Human nature always wants something more or better and realistically people are never completely satisfied. The problem is that, there are too many people on the planet for all of them to live well and carry a comfortable life. There is an immense difference in the income of individuals and there are also such differences in the power between social classes. As more wealth and resources have become available, the cost associated with obtaining these resources is forced to increase, resulting in unequal access to them. â€Å"Those living at the middle, lower, and bottom of the income brackets find it more difficult to sustain a viable quality of life. †(Beddington, J, 2010) Compared to the entire population, there are only a few people that possess large amounts of money and power over the rest of the people. As the Earth’s population continues to increase, the more poverty that there will be. There are evidently more than enough resources to go around to everybody on the planet, but the distribution of these resources is not equal. Millionaires are constantly trying to figure out how to make more money and they hire people at extremely low wages because those people are unfortunately desperate. The Bourgeoisie will always have the money by passing along wealth and the Proletariat will always be stuck in the position of doing heavy labour for little income. Money is scarce to some extent for everyone. The top one percent holds way too much money and power over everyone else. Because of these people the wealth is very unequal, causing poverty and allowing the rich to hold all the riches and the poor to have less. Increasing population leads to companies increasing the need for products thus more productions are made. People in agriculture such as farmers have always had the ability to exploit their resources in order to reach the fullest potential of their harvest but this is starting to change. One resource that is particularly running low is the element of life, fresh water. â€Å"Out of the total water on earth only two percent is fresh and of that only one is able to be used the rest is locked up as parts of gasses or as ice in the polar caps.†(Beddington, J, 2010) Humans use half of all the available fresh water yet many still can’t find enough. Over one billion people lack access if they have any to clean and safe drinking water. As population grows, so will the number of people living in these conditions where they are unable to obtain basic resources. â€Å"The water tables of China, India, Pakistan, Mexico and Yemen are dropping by 1 to 3 meters per year, as are those of the US, especially in the southern Great Plains where â€Å"thousands of farms †¦Ã‚  have gone dry†. Since one ton of grain requires 1000 tons of water, this water deficit will cross international borders in the form of increasing grain prices worldwide. †(Beddington, J, 2010) The planet is clearly having a difficult time managing the need of products due to the growing high demands of goods and resources. Nearly 80 million people are added to the planet every year and a healthy future does not lie ahead unless a change for materials and materials that can be recycled is demanded. Overpopulation is a serious subject and a growing issue for today’s generation and those ahead. There needs to be increased awareness on this issue, because it’s becoming a problem that is increasing every second. Education needs to be provided for those in need in order to help reduce the birth rate, resources must be managed wisely in order to save resources for the years to come and a development for a better share of wealth throughout the world needs to be found in order to control this problem that generations ahead and maybe even this era is facing. People need to look at the numbers, according to U. N the world population is projected to hit 9. 6 billion by 2050. Earth cannot hold an infinite population and the pollution that they cause. Overpopulation won’t resolve itself; the birth rate will not magically decrease and change will not take place until the people truly want it and act upon it. How to cite Over Population Essay, Essays

Catcher In The Rye, JDK Slinger Research Paper Example

Catcher In The Rye, JDK Slinger Paper An exploration of the literary devices used by JDK Slinger In the Catcher In The Rye to communicate the theme of growing up and how relevant this idea Is In the 21st century. One of the dominant themes in the Catcher in the Rye, by JDK Slinger, is growing up and how difficult it is. The author communicates this theme through various literary devices, including: characterization, symbolism and a key incident. The idea Slinger creates is very identifiable to most readers, despite their life experiences being very different to Holders. Moreover, even though the novel is set in the sasss and is a entrants to contemporary society, the reader can still find things to identify with, because Slinger uses such a timeless Idea. The Catcher In the Rye Is centered around three days of the life of the mall protagonist, Holder Coalfield, who Is 16 when the novel begins. The novel Is set In post-war New York in the sasss. The story is narrated by Holder who has been admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Holder tells the story of how he leaves Pence Prep a school in which he was expelled from for failing four out of five classes and spends a few nights alone in New York. We will write a custom essay sample on Catcher In The Rye, JDK Slinger specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Catcher In The Rye, JDK Slinger specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Catcher In The Rye, JDK Slinger specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Slinger uses effective characterization to explore how Holder finds growing up painful and difficult. Holder is frightened of maturing because of his interpretation of the adult word and so he detaches himself from all adults. He refers to all adults as phonies, this Is because he generalizes all adults, thinking they must all be hypocritical and false. Slinger uses Holders physical appearance to emphasis his emotional side, Im six-foot-two-and-a-half and I have grey hair. He seems to be old, physically, but Inside he Is still Just a child, this reinforces the Idea that his body Is ailing him to grow up, but his mind is telling him to resist, and stay as innocent as possible for as long as possible. Slinger even uses his name to show his youthfulness , Holder Coalfield can be broken up into Hold-on as if he is not ready to grow up, and that it is too difficult for him to handle. And Call is apart of the amnion, which protects the babys head during birth, this relates to Holder as he is metaphorically protected by this and does not mature as a result. Slinger communicates the theme of growing up through the central character, Holder, as he is at the stage where he should be growing up and maturing but does not. Slinger uses Holders personality and his appearance to contrast how Holder finds growing up difficult and painful. Holders younger siblings are also key characters in the novel that Slinger uses in order to communicate ten theme. Allele, Holders Trotter, oleo AT leukemia years before the novel was set. He was very unique, he had fiery red hair, and was left handed. Holder speaks of him on many occasions in the novel, he aspires to be more like Allele, because he believed he was the nicest and smartest of all the Coalfields he was about fifty times as intelligent. Part of Allies enduring appeal for Holder is that e is forever frozen in time, in childhood, exactly where Holder wants to be. Phoebe, is quite like Allele, she is a child, and possesses similar attributes her intellect and hair color. Before we meet Phoebe, we rely on Holders descriptions of her. Holder looks up to her, he believes she is the only trustworthy person in a world of phonies. Holder has categorized life into two sections; childhood, being innocent and where Holder wants to stay, and the cruel adult world, where everyone becomes shallow and hypocritical and where Holder wants to avoid. When Phoebe is introduced into the narrative, she complicates Holders thoughts. Even she knows that growing up is mandatory, and becomes angry with Holder as he stays immature, She gets very emotional, I swear to God. As this young girl is presented to us, and is able to understand maturity, Holders stunted maturity seems a little foolish. However we can sympathies with Holder as he feels unable to mature and is being criticized by the one person he truly cares about. Slinger uses this contrast of the characters to emphasis the difficulties of growing up. Slinger not only uses symbolism to communicate the main theme of growing up, but also to highlight the main feelings of Holder. When Phoebe asks him want we wants to be in life, he replies with the image from a Robert Burns song of being the catcher in the rye, to protect children from falling off the cliff as they play in the field of rye. It is highly ironic that Holder swaps somebody meet a body comic thro the rye for somebody catch a body because the song now has the opposite meaning. The main lyrics ask if it is wrong to have a sexual encounter in a far-away field without it leading to anything, but Holder completely changes the meaning. Holder wants to catch children, who play in the field, before the fall out of innocence onto the knowledge of sex and other adult things that he, personally, does not understand. Also the fact that Phoebe is the one to point out the real lyrics, symbolisms that she is not as innocent as Holders idealistic thoughts of children. Because his mind has blocked out the real lyrics, this makes him seem more innocent, childish and afraid of the adult world. The use of the red hunting hat symbolisms Holders desire to be a child for longer. He wears the hat to feel unique and an individual, because it is so different and vibrant. The color of the hat is the same as Phoebes and Allies hair, red. This symbolisms how Holder looks up to his younger siblings, and how he wants to be more like them, as they represent innocence and purity in his eyes. The museum of natural history also communicates the idea that Holder wants to continue to be a child. Holder liked the museum as it was unchanging, The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. The museum represents his catcher in the rye world, in which no-one ever changes, and everything is true, simple and idealistic to him. Holder is scared of change, mainly because of his brothers death, so he wishes everything lull always stay ten same Including ml so nee does not nave to deal Walt negative changes in his life. Slinger uses a key incident in the novel in order to establish that Holder wishes to stay a child for as long as possible. In chapter 13, Holder is met with the possibility of a sexual encounter with a prostitute named Sunny, but turns it down. He admits to being a little nervous about the whole ordeal, as he is a virgin. He comes too realization, that he wants it to be more special. What he learns with Sunny is that he prefers not to get there with a prostitute; I dont think I could ever do it with somebody that sits in a stupid movie The whole scene is depressing rather than erotic for Holder, so he makes up excuses for not being able to go through with it. He realizes has to get to know a girl, and like her a lot, before he is comfortable with that kind of intimacy. On the other hand, it shows he is not emotionally ready for sexual encounters, he talks about it and thinks about it, but in reality he feels too young. This develops the theme of growing up as he has the chance to do the things he says, but he does not take it, meaning he is not et mature enough to handle this kind of adult behavior. This is more like what a child would do when faced with something they are not comfortable doing. And thus shows that when Holder is given the chance to mature, he rejects it, and keeps his innocence and his virginity intact. The idea established in the novel that it is difficult to grow up is identifiable in the 21st century. The book may be from another century, the language may be different, but the central idea that Slinger uses is timeless. Holder goes through strange ordeals in comparison to most people, however the reader can connect to Holder as hey will have had to mature at some point in their life, even if it was not as painful as it was for Holders character. The majority of the readers feel connected to the story, even if their life is extremely different, and they can relate to their own life in one way or another. JDK Slinger develops the main theme of growing up throughout the Catcher in the Rye using successful devices. He develops Holder as a character, uses symbols to relate to the childish nature of Holder, and uses a key incident to establish that Holder wishes to remain a child for as long as possible.

Barnes and Noble Summer Reading Program (Summer 2019)

Barnes and Noble Summer Reading Program (Summer 2019) Updated for Barnes Noble Summer Reading Program 2019 The Barnes and Noble summer reading program for kids gives kids a free book when they read 8 books over the summer. Looking for more summer reading programs that will score your kids some freebies? Check out my list of the best summer reading program freebies  that includes rewards from Half Price Books, TD Bank, and more. How to Get Free Books From the Barnes and Noble Summer Reading Program Visit the Barnes and Noble summer reading program to select the age range that your child fits into. You can choose between Ages 0-7, Ages 8-12, Teens and Young Adults, and Adults. After youve chosen an age range, youll find a link to where you can download and print a reading journal. The journals are available in English and Spanish. Fill out the student information on the bottom of the first page of the journal. A parent must sign on this page in order for the child to get a free book. In the reading log, your child will need to record the title and author, along with their favorite part of eight books to get their free book. Bring the completed and signed reading journal into your local Barnes and Noble bookstore between August 1, 2019, and August 31, 2019. Present it to an employee and they will let your child choose a book from the free book list. The Free Books Available From the Barnes and Noble Summer Reading Program Theres a wide variety of free books available for kids from the Barnes and Noble summer reading program. Heres whats available in 2018: Children in grades 1 and 2 are eligible to receive one of the following books: Malala: My Story of Standing Up for Girls RightsThe Mount Rushmore Calamity (Flat Stanleys Worldwide Adventure Series #1)Amelia Bedelia Means Business (Amelia Bedelia Chapter Book Series #1)Pete the Cat and the Cool CaterpillarDisney Junior Fancy Nancy: Chez NancyThe Princess in BlackJorge el curioso: De basura a tesoro (Bilingual)Purmaids #1: The Scaredy CatSunbeams Shine (Unicorn Princess #1) Kids that are in grades 3 and 4 can pick out one of these books: Middle School: The Worst Years of My LifeCatStronauts: Mission MoonMistakes Were Made (Timmy Failure Series #1)My FANGtastically Evil Vampire PetThe Super Life of Ben BraverDrew Pendous and the Camp Color War (Drew Pendous #1)Drew Pendous Travels to Ancient Egypt (Drew Pendous #2)Classic Starts: The Swiss Family RobinsonJudy Moody (Judy Moody Series #1)Judy  Moody esta  de muy mal humor (Judy Moody) Those children that are in grades 5 and 6 can choose from this list of books: The Last (Endling Series #1)Friendship List #1: 11 Before 12James and the Giant PeachTreasure Hunters (Treasure Hunters Series #1)Because of Winn-DixieEllies Story: A Dogs Purpose Puppy TaleThe Race to Space: Countdown to Liftoff (Epic Fails #2)Aru Shah and the End of Time (Pandava Series #1)Disney after Dark (Kingdom Keepers Series #1The Unicorn Quest Other Features of the Barnes and Noble Summer Reading Program The Barnes and Noble summer reading program website also has educator activity kits. These kits include fun activities about reading that can be completed with a child. Limits to Be Aware Of The Barnes and Noble summer reading program is only available to school-aged children in grades 1-6. Only one book is available for each child who completes a reading journal and choice must be made from the selected books available at the store.

5 Disadvantages of Bad Time Management

5 Disadvantages of Bad Time Management Poor planning and bad time management are often part of the learning experience for many new students in college. For others, however, poor planning becomes a habit. The consequences of putting that paper off, not turning in your work on time, and missing key deadlines, however, can be much more of a problem than you might initially think. Things May Get Expensive If you miss housing deadlines, incur late registration fees, or apply too late to get priority when your school is allocating financial aid, things can quickly become even more expensive than normal. Having good time management skills can help you avoid costly mistakes later. Things Can Become Harder Logistically If you think studying for your Spanish final is a pain in the brain, wait until you see what happens if you dont pass it/sleep through it/generally dont plan for it. You May Miss out on Opportunities Because You're Too Late That amazing study abroad program, Spring Break trip, and summer internship all have deadlines for a reason. If you apply too late or dont have everything you need ready in time, youll miss out on what could have been the experience of a lifetime. You May Miss out on Opportunities Because People Notice Your Pattern of Lateness and Disorganization People who you think dont notice your frequent lack of planning and lateness may, in fact, notice more than you realize. When your favorite professor is trying to think of students for an awesome summer research gig, you might get passed over because she knows you wont have your stuff together when needed. Keeping your schedule balanced and your time managed may open doors you dont even realize are there. You Will Always Feel Behind Not sure if you have poor planning skills? Ask yourself to remember the last time you felt ahead of the game. If it wasnt recently, chances are youre constantly feeling behind- because you are. Bad time management skills mean you are always playing catch-up and experiencing stress. And with all thats going on in your college life, why add more stress to the mix?

Strategic Company Analysis on The Body Shop Research Paper - 2

Strategic Company Analysis on The Body Shop - Research Paper Example The Body Shop works in a clean environment where they have managed to keep their competitive edge. They work is a diverse environment and they also aim to encourage a healthy environment in the world by working against torture of any kind to humans and animals.  Marketing activities are influenced by several factors inside and outside the business firm. These factors or forces influencing marketing decision-making are collectively called the marketing environment. It comprises all these factors, which have an impact on the market and marketing efforts of the Body Shop.  Macro environment refers to those factors, which are external forces in the company’s activities and do not concern the immediate environment. The macro environment is uncontrollable factors, which indirectly affect the concerns ability to operate in the market effectively.  Forces in an organization’s general environment have profound effects on its task environment. In fact, managers must constan tly analyze forces in the general environment because these affect long term decision-making.  PEST analysis for the general environment are including economic forces; social, cultural, demographic and environmental forces; political, government, and legal forces; technological forces; competitive forces; and Global forces.  Michael Porter created the Five Forces Model to help managers identify forces in the environment that are potential threats. According to Porter, the nature of competitiveness in a given industry can be viewed as a composite of five forces.

Human Resource Management at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Human Resource Management at Work - Essay Example uum but the key here is that this area needs to work under a broader framework that links it to the strategy of the firm; external factors are found to be affecting it apart from the internal factors. The HRM takes into account all the individual and group related that is collective relations, a number of human resource practices, policies and process, activities pursued by the HR specialist, union’s role, developing some HR practices that will provide the organization with an edge, employee security or it can even work on incorporating some organizational change. These are some of the factors that can be worked upon and thus are designed in a manner to increase the performance of an organization by effective human resources management. Similarly as the case implies that Brendon Jones Inc. is a service providing company, and for this reason the employees are the key assets of the organization. The 200 employees found in working at 10 leisure outlets were working at the front line. They were basically responsible for bringing in the business. Dealing with the customers and maintaining the relationship was the best and most important factor for the organization like Brendon Jones. Looking at the today’s working environment Human Resource Management is much more important than ever. The functions of managing and developing people are seen critical to gain improvements in the performance of an organization. The same was the case in Brendon Jones; there were changes taking place, the company was bought by a corporate investment company. It was like a change in the ownership structure. Employees working with the original founder were somehow used to of the policies and procedures. But as its being mentioned in the case that there was no HR manager; it’s not the task of Finance and Administration director to handle issues that are related to human workforce. For this reason as to solve the challenges related to reducing the labor turnover and to maintaining

An Overview Of Teaser Advertising

An Overview Of Teaser Advertising Zoon, V.I.B, On ne peut larreter; these ad shouts for ones attention but there is no brand name. As you pass by, the hoardings yell out to you they look extremely familiar but yet they reveal nothing except the promise of more to come. Sometimes they work in a tizzy while sometimes they ask a response out of you. It is suspense with a purpose to tease. These are Teaser advertising. In Mauritius, this style of advertising which tend to advertise for a new product while keeping the target audience interest arouse each day and at the same time creating a sort of buzz around the ad-the teaser, has become a craze lately. The Zoon Teaser advertising proved to be successful in teasing people. Nevertheless some people consider Teaser advertising to be Much Ado about Nothing (quoting the word of Shakespeare). But, why is there so much fantasy about communicating and advertising a product? Today, advertising is considered by many to be the most important factor in the success of the company as most organizations -small and large- that rely on marketing to create customer interest, are engaged in consistent use of advertising to help meet marketing objectives. An organization can have the best idea, product or service, but without effectively delivering their messages to its target market, these ideas, products and services can go unnoticed. An effective creative campaign in the form of a teaser can set a company apart from the competition and allows it to give to its potential customers an image of what makes the brand different from the competition which has for goal to be top of the mind of these busy consumers. This means that the name of the business or the brand is the first thing that pops into their head, when looking for a product in the respective category. Furthermore, given info rmation asymmetry that prevails in the market, advertising is a communication tool that cannot be missed to signal potential clients and Teaser advertising with its ability to create buzz and word of mouth is for sure a successful method to spread news about a subject. But even if advertising including Teaser plays a crucial role in positioning the product in the mind of customers, does this type of advertising push people to buy the advertised product as such? Therefore does this type of advertising always work? Does it create this sort of buzz that it wants to cause? Does it create this sort of buzz that it wants to cause? Does it has an impact on people and how do they react to it? Does it act as a source of motivation for customers to purchase? To know more about this interesting aspect of advertising and to explore this specific area of advertising, a study has been conducted towards this perspective by considering the recent teaser ads in Mauritius. This study will allow discovering and evaluating this particular technique of advertising and explore the surrounding galaxy of such tool of advertising. 1.1 Aims and Objectives Ø Understanding the concept of Teaser advertising o Teaser Ad as an advertising practice o Teaser Ad as a communication tool o Teaser Ad in relation with customer attitudes Ø Evaluating the effectiveness of Teaser advertising in the Mauritian context Ø Analysing Teaser ad as a source of motivation for customers to purchase 1.2 Hypotheses Hypothesis 1: H0: There is no relationship between Teaser advertising and frequency of purchase H1: There is a relationship between Teaser advertising and frequency of purchase Hypothesis 2: H0: There is no relationship between Teaser ad as a source of motivation and purchasing decisions. H1: There is a relationship between Teaser ad as a source of motivation and purchasing decisions. Hypothesis 3: H0: There is no relationship between Teaser effectiveness and level of expectation of revelation of the ad. H1: There is a relationship between Teaser effectiveness and level of expectation of revelation of the ad. Hypothesis 4: H0: There is no relationship between teaser ad as a communication tool and purchasing decisions. H1: There is a relationship between teaser ad as a communication tool and purchasing decisions. Hypothesis 5: H0: There is no relationship between buyers self-concept towards teaser advertising and purchase intention of that product. H1: There is a relationship between buyers self-concept towards teaser advertising and purchase intention of that product. Hypothesis 6: H0: There is no relationship between religion and purchasing intention. H1: There is a relationship between religion and purchasing intention Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.0 Introduction Under this chapter, teaser advertising will be treated as a style of doing advertising among others and also the concept of teaser advertising with relation customers. Thus teaser advertising will be defined under 3 main heading. Moreover, this chapter covers literatures on the development of this particular type of advertising in Mauritius. This section will try to analyse Teaser ad as a source of motivation for customers to purchase with reference to different literatures from various authors. Concrete authors examples will be used. 2.1 What is advertising? According to Smith et al. (1998), there exist twelve different communication tools available to a marketer. As per Leiss (1972), advertising has been recognized as a major vehicle of social communication in the field of marketing in modern Western society. Kotler and Armstrong (2007) provide an alternative definition: Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor. Advertising is the promotion of products and services carried out by companies principally to drive sales of the products and services and equally to establish brand identity and to communicate changes or new products or services to the customers. Marketers have identified several reasons for advertising, among which are as follows: * Increasing the sales of the product/service * Creating and maintaining a brand identity or brand image. * Communicating a change in the existing product line. * Introduction of a new product or service. * Increasing the buzz-value of the brand or the company. Thus, just like, there are several reasons for advertising; similarly there exist various media that effectively can be employed for advertising. Based on these criteria there can be several styles of advertising which will be discussed below. 2.2 Styles of advertising The creative style of execution refers to the manner in which a particular appeal is transformed into a message of publicity which is presented to the consumer. According to the research done by Tony Yeshin (1997), the following are the most common styles of advertising: 2.3 Teaser advertising The Marketing Dictionary and Barrons Educational Series, 2007 defines teaser advertising as: A brief advertisement designed to tease the public by offering only bits of information without revealing either the sponsor of the ad or the product being advertised. 2.3.1 Teaser advertising: As an advertising practice According to this theory by Joannis (1995), the very old principle of Teaser advertising is to arouse the curiosity of the prospect by communicating to it the first part of the completely mysterious message. It is supposed to hold ones attention and brings him/her to seek the second part of the message. Joannis (1995) also points out that this second part would not have been read if the curiosity excites by the first part, is very far away from the subject. Joe ODonnell (2002) puts forward: If theyve got the right target audience and the right media, the audience is going to pay attention to the teaser campaign as it develops. Jean-Marc Lehu (2006) for his part stresses that Teaser advertising is characterised by a two phases advertising campaign. This technique can consist of two or even three teasers. (Lehu,2006) Source: Two Phases Advertising Campaign adapted by Jean-Marc Lehu, 2006 Bruce Miller (2002) classifies the HERE Teaser campaign in Baltimore (the largest city and cultural center of the U.S. state of Maryland) as an effective advertising practice. The revelation part of the Teaser Christopher Jacob (2006) puts forward that the revelation of certain Teaser ads are weak which eventually have a negative impact on consumers purchasing decisions. For example in 2007, in France the Teaser advertising for Transatlantis proved to be very effective, however the revelation which relates to the offer (a journey) was somehow weak which eventually had a negative effect on customers purchasing decisions. 2.3.2 Teaser advertising: As a communication tool According to Hung (2000), teaser ads rely heavily on nonverbal executional cues to communicate. As a copywriting approach to break through confusion, teaser ads provide incomplete information (Kover 1995) and rely on lush visual images, accompanied by music or other sound effects, to create an attractive image for the advertised brand and its users. Aaker et al. (1992) considers: It is through teaser advertising that we can provide creative advertising along with effective communication. This is because; this style of advertising not only attracts the target consumers attention, but also generates interest and educates the consumer about the product benefits and positioning, thus acting as an effective tool of communication. Teaser ad is a powerful tool used to convey message to the target audience but in its own style of creating curiosity on what the ad is about and thus directs the attention of target audience (Journal of Advertising, 2001) Erik Schmuckler (1999) views Lee Jeans Teaser ad as an effective communication tool in terms of delivering the right message to the target audience. The main idea behind this mystery ad was to show that this particular brand is cool to wear. Lee became very cool very fast. According to the agencys (Fallon McElligott, 1999) tracking study, perceptions that the brand was becoming more popular and was cool to wear jumped 10 percentage points from 25 to 35 percent and their sell-in of the Dungarees line was four times higher than anticipated. Most importantly, Lee gained 3 percent in market share in a flat year while Levis dropped just as many percentage points. 2.3.3 Teaser advertising: With relation to customer attitudes Lutz (1985) defines customers attitudes towards Teaser advertising as a learnt tendency to react in a favourable or unfavourable manner to Teaser campaign in general. According to Bauer and Greyser (1968), Teaser ad had important economic and social effects and built up a set of belief items associated with positive and negative outcomes of such ad in these specific areas. The attitudes of customers towards teaser advertising vary from one another. With particular reference to www.agencyfaqs.com, the following are some thoughts on teaser advertising with respect to customers: Ø Teaser campaigns are a bit like lemon. If one squeeze them too much they become bitter. One should quickly take out the juice and make the lemonade (as in the main campaign), rather than squeeze it drop by drop till it becomes too sour for anybodys liking Ø Teaser ads are not cash cows in terms of immediate sale, but if one notices, they are always at the top of the mind Ø Teasers tease the consumers and do stimulate to buy provided it is a launch product or a new sensational stuff. Gums are fun to chew and get better on chewing more but loose the juice on chewing too long. Ø What a waste of advertising money! 2.4 Development of teaser advertising According to Dan S. Kennedy (2006), the main problem with carrying out big ad in the newspaper, in a trade journal, or in a national magazine is the number of people one pay for simply do not see it. This means that on any one day, ones best prospects may be out of town, sick in bed, or too busy to read newspaper. As a solution to this problem, one strategy to focus attention on ones big ad is to precede it with a series of tiny, low-cost teaser ads. For example, a new computer store eager of making the business community aware of its existence for two months, in the weekly city business journal, ran small display ads. (Dan S. Kennedy, 2006) 2.5 Teaser advertising in Mauritius Past research done by LExpress (2005) proves that many people are still unaware of this great phenomenon in advertising in Mauritius. This is because many people have difficulty in associating the Teaser with advertising, or for the new generation this concept is still new, except those having knowledge in the marketing field. But if one asks someone about the Zoon teaser advertising campaign, they will definitely recall it. In fact, Zoon was launched in October 2005 to assess the effectiveness of billboards. But primarily the billboard was featuring a dog (who was lost and his master apparently launch this ad campaign for it and even propose a big sum of money as reward), but this was all a teaser. This was done just to make zoon becoming the talk of the town as per Mr. Vincent Montocchio; Creative Director of Circus (Lexpress October 2005). However, this particular teaser advertising is not the first one to appear in Mauritius. In fact, by the end of the eighties, one among the first teaser advertising which was famous to the public, is the one developed for the national airline company; Air Mauritius by the Immedia advertising agency. They placed a koala in 3D in front of Queen Victoria in front of the government house, without any indication what it is. This created curiosity among the general public and became the talk of not just the town but of the whole country, and it was even on the first page of the newspaper. A few days later, the teaser was revealed; it in fact introduces Air Mauritius first flight to Australia. Subsequently, this teaser advertising campaign has brought the emergence of other teaser ads and fifteen years after, this style of advertising is still present. (Poonoosamy, 2006) 2.6 The When of teaser advertising in Mauritius This is commonly used by new products and new businesses to create an element of intrigue and curiosity and build excitement and anticipation. A good example is the launch campaign for the Nissan Micra (Baker, 1994) and the initial campaign for Cable and Wireless. (Tony Yeshin, 1997) Generally, not all advertising agencies in Mauritius get involved in Teaser advertising, because it depends highly on the clients product positioning, budget of the client and most importantly, what does the client want; what dose the brand wants to say during the advertising campaign. But then when does one engage in teaser advertising? Figure 2. 3: When to do teaser in Mauritius New Product Launching According to Belch and Belch (2003), the teaser advertising has for key objective to reveal the brand after hiding it for some time and after keeping this moment of pure intrigue. Therefore it will be wise to say that teaser advertising will best be adapted when the company is launching a new product or brand. For example, in France, the merger Neuf Telecom and Cegetel used online teaser ads to introduce its new subsidiary Neuf Cegetel that was meant to specialize in mobile communications (www.journaldunet.com). A local example is the national lottery LOTO where a Teaser campaign was used to advertise this product since it was new in the Mauritian market. New Business According to blimpcam.com, it is very important for a new business to generate customer interest before a business opens its doors. To achieve this, some businesses do teaser advertising. For example a teaser ad may be, the countdown has begun; there are only 60 days until a certain company opens. However in Mauritius, this particular style of advertising does not only used for new business but also for existing one. A recent example of Teaser ad in Mauritius for an existing business is Orange. 2.7 Evaluation of teaser advertising All advertising efforts-regardless of its styles, are directed mainly towards the attainment of various objectives (in terms of business, marketing and advertising) i.e., to increase the sales turnover and thus to market the maximum profit. The advertiser spends millions of rupees in this activity. In the background of all these hard work, is an effort to attract the customer towards the product through advertising. Pollay and Mittal (1993) put forward that Teaser advertising influences consumers on three levels namely: Ø economic level Ø personal level Ø social level However, in reality, does advertising especially Teaser ad really motivates ones to carry out the purchase activity? Hristo Ivanov Katranjiev (2000) points out that in most cases, the ultimate response is purchase. Normally, consumers pass through six stages (see figure 2.4) in their way to making a purchase. Phillip Kotler, Gary Armstrong (2001) suggest that prior to the first stage, consumers may be completely unaware of the product, know only its name or know a bit about it. So, there is a need to build awareness first and then knowledge. When Nissan introduced its Infinity automobile line, it started with with an extensive teaser advertising campaign to build name familiarity. Original ads for the Infiniti created curiosity and awareness by showing the cars name only and not the car. Later ads created knowledge by informing potential buyers of the cars high quality and many innovative features and continued like this till the last stage. In common cases, Teaser ads act as a source of motivation for customers to purchase activity. 2.7.1 Teaser advertising as a source of motivation for customers to purchase According to David A.Aaker (1989), usually advertising in general is not well suited to directly precipitate action. Rather it is better at conducting some communication, association or persuasion task that will hopefully result in the desired action being precipitated. A communication results in the audience members learning something new or gaining an improved understanding or memory of some fact. However, according to David A.Aaker (1989), Teaser advertising is one of the many forces that motivate customers to purchase. That is this style of advertising is well suited to directly precipitate action of purchase (see figure 2.5). According to Henri Joannis (1995), Teaser ad is actually an altered version of a very old model of advertising, the AIDA model, which points out that an announce must draw attention, arise interest, inculcate the desire and provoke action. Joannis (1995) also stresses on the fact that Teaser ad is altered in the way that the factor attention is separated from the factor interest and desire by the use of suspense element that creates curiosity. In advertising settings, consumers are assumed to go through a process to compare Teaser ad contents with self-concept when they are exposed to the advertising messages. According to Markus et al. (1985), self-concept does not just have the meaning of mere knowledge of facts, but rather, it is a cognitive structure which is related with strong feelings and motivations. While research pertaining to the effect of self-concept on purchase intention is rare, Landon (1974) and Belch (1978) found that both actual and ideal self-concept influence purchase intention (though their degree of relative impact is different). That is, the more closely the teaser ad matches the buyers self-concept, the higher the purchase intention for that product. However, previous research done by Hristo Ivanov Katrandjiev (2000) proves that Teaser advertising is cheaper than sales promotion and more expensive than public relations, but often evokes negative feelings (such as annoyance, anger, distrust, etc.). Paul Hague (2001) states that the AIDA hierarchical model follows the decision making process from lighting the lamp for people through to the sale itself. At each level in the process the number of people drastically diminishes so that those who take action are a small fraction of those who are aware of or interested in the product (see figure 2.6). Kim Shyan Fam et al. (2004) point out that religious beliefs play a major role in shaping human behaviour towards a particular ad no matter of its styles. According to Deng et al. (1994), religion also controls gender roles in a particular culture. As per Philippe Tesseron (2006), the very effective style of advertising-Teaser ad was used in France for a hypermarket. The first billboard was introduced anonymously, without brand but with a promising revelation. Comparatively, that everybody, especially the religious ones, seems to remember the great advertising campaign which became a real scoop in 1981. There was a young woman in bikini which promises to take out her top then the bottom as they change posters, then to discover the reveal-a naked woman from the back with the slogan-Avenir Advertising-They hold their promises. Philippe Tesseron (2006) points out that this teaser ad on the hypermarket in France did not really act as a source of motivation for customers to do the act of purchase, but rather this ad arise questions: Is the body merchandise that we use to satisfy the desires of some advertisers? What is the relationship between the opening of a hypermarket and the back of a woman or man in underwear on posters and billboards? So the Myriam advertising campaign realized in France 1981 on the hypermarket has created lots of controversies. Philippe Tesseron (2006) also points out that these controversies were not only due to religious beliefs but on ethical ground which eventually lead to the idea that religion alone does not influence purchasing decisions. 2.8 Summary Teaser advertising has for objective to create attention around a subject and to trigger curiosity its prospect. This technique of advertising is done in two phases. Despite the Zoon Teaser in Mauritius was a real success as it has been playing a lot on emotions, there exist lots of controversies of this style of advertising because of ethical aspects of some of the visuals displayed. Finally it is mentioned that Teaser ad acts as a source of motivation but does it really influence consumers in their purchasing decisions and force them to do the purchase activity. For this, various literatures from different authors have been used so as to obtain a deep understanding of the subject. Chapter 3 Research Methodology 3.0 Introduction According to Zikmund, research is the systematic and objective process of gathering, recording and analyzing of data for aid in making decisions (Zikmund, 2000). Advertising related research provides information in several areas, for example the uses of research pertaining specifically to the creative execution (Michelet, 2006). While carrying out research, it is important for us to look at the steps in the research process that will be handled further in this chapter. 3.1 Step 1: Formulation of the research problem The marketing environment is constantly changing and therefore marketers or managers have to address new issues which may create opportunities or problems for their organizations (Wilson, 2003). As far as Teaser advertising is concerned, some ad agencies and advertisers have forgotten what this style of advertising should do and how they should do it. As a consequence, some of the advertising produced in Mauritius has substantial flaws that limit its value as a communication tool. Therefore, the present study investigates the perception of the Mauritian consumers on Teaser advertising. Basically, consumers inference to the nature and purpose of mystery advertising has been decided. The following questions also have been addressed: how far does Teaser ad influence consumers in their purchase decisions, where there are similar types of advertising as well as lots of ad messages in todays clutter. The result is ineffective advertising that gives nothing to potential consumer and the advertiser. With lots of repeated ads, can advertising in terms of teaser advertising deliver information people need and want to make them make intelligent purchase decision and motivate them to buy? Thus, a survey has been carried out and it has the following objectives: Ø Understand the concept of Teaser advertising o Teaser Ad as an advertising practice o Teaser Ad as a communication tool o Teaser Ad in relation with customer attitudes Ø Evaluate the effectiveness of Teaser advertising in the Mauritian context Ø Analyse Teaser ad as a source of motivation for customers to purchase. 3.2 Step 2: Determine Research Design Research Design is simply the framework or plan for a study used as a guide in collecting and analyzing data. There are some important research design frameworks that are classified as: Ø Exploratory Ø Conclusive (a) Descriptive (b) Causal Research This study is an attribute of both exploratory and descriptive research. It is to be noted that due to time and other constraints, a true exploratory design involving techniques like focus groups were not adopted for the study. 3.2.1 Exploratory Research An exploratory research principally for this study has been conducted in order to find out the point of view of Mauritian consumers on Teaser advertising and also to identify the factors that influence their perception of Teaser advertising. This will help in the assessment of Teaser ad as a source of motivation for customers to purchase. Thus, the following hypotheses (with reference to various authors) were developed: 1. There is no relationship between Teaser advertising and frequency of purchase. Paul Hague (2001) states that at each level in the process (AIDA model) the number of people drastically diminishes so that those who take action are a small fraction 2. There is a relationship between Teaser ad as a source of motivation and purchasing decisions. As per Phillip Kotler, Gary Armstrong (2001), Teaser ads act as a source of motivation for customers to purchase activity. 3. There is a relationship between Teaser effectiveness and level of expectation of revelation of the ad. Christopher Jacob (2006) puts forward that weak revelation of Teaser ads have a negative impact on consumers purchasing decisions. 4. There is a relationship between buyers self-concept towards teaser advertising and purchase intention of that product. Landon (1974) and Belch (1978) found that the more closely the teaser ad matches the buyers self-concept, the higher the purchase intention for that product. 5. There is a relationship between teaser ad as a communication tool and purchasing decisions. Erik Schmuckler (1999) found that Teaser ad as an effective communication tool positively influences purchasing decision. 6. There is no relationship between religion and purchasing intention. As per, Philippe Tesseron (2006) religion alone does not influence purchasing decisions. 3.2.2 Descriptive research Since the objectives of the study require information to be generated about Teaser advertising as a source of motivation for customers to purchase, this study is descriptive in nature as well. 3.3 Step 3: Determining Data Collection Methods 3.3.1 Secondary Data Secondary data is information that has been previously gathered for some purpose other than the current research. As such secondary data which includes newspapers such as LExpress, the Internet and journal articles was collected externally. 3.3.2 Primary Data It is collected by a program of observation, qualitative or quantitative research either separately or in combination. For this study, both quantitative and qualitative researches were chosen. Quantitative Research: This approach was used so as to identify the influence of Teaser ad on purchasing decisions. Hence, a survey was conducted where questionnaires were designed and administered to the target population so as to get the required information. Qualitative Research: This research was as important in this study so as to gain a deeper understanding of Teaser ad as a source of motivation to make purchase

Negotiation-Real World Reflection

â€Å"Real world† negotiation reflection Introduction As the senior manager, I finish the annual performance evaluation of my team members in January. After finishing evaluation I will hold interviews with them, talk about their efforts and the plans for this year. Lilly is one of my team members with a better knowledge of the logistics industry. Based on her performance in 2012, her annual performance is rated B+ and she can get 8% increase in year-end bonuses. In addition, I plan to promote her as a team leader responsible for the logistics software products promotion in the northern market.Since our company’s business development in 2013 will increase the input in the northern market, I expect the annual sales income in 2013 will increase by 30% under the expected market goals achieved; as a team leader, Lilly’s personal annual income will increase by 15% -20%, depends on the sales commission. But because of some family reasons, she may not be willing to trave l for a long time. Before the interview, I heard another message: Lilly was dissatisfied for her personal income being less than another team member, Han, who joined the team in the beginning of 2012.In addition, Lilly has been worked as a consultant for almost 5 years and she feels a little boring on this work. Due to marketing sales job vacancies in our company, she wants to try the position as a sales manager, in order to get a new working experience and get more time to take care of her family. Preparation Planning Document What issues are most important to you? 1. Retain Lilly as my team member. 2. Promote her as the team leader responsible for the northern market. | What issues are most important to your counterpart? 1. Dissatisfaction with her personal income. 2.Can the company provide the new challenges on the consultant job? 3. Cannot travel a lot due to family reasons. | What is your BATNA? 1. Retain Lilly as my team member without promotion since she won’t be willi ng to travel a lot. Continue working as the consultant with expected 5-8% annual income increase. The annual income will be less than now if she shifts to the sales position. 2. Change the bonus distribution, increasing the commission from 2% to 2. 5%, after promoting her as the team leader. 3. If she needs long-term business, over 1 month, she can go home once a weekend every two weeks or get extra 2 days’ vacation.Reservation Value? 1. Increase the commission from 2% to 3%, after promoting her as the team leader. 2. Increase annual vacation time from 10 days to 20 days. Target? Promote her as the team leader responsible for the northern market. | What is your counterpart’s BATNA? 1. Shift to the sales position which may provide challenge work. 2. Keep the consultant position, ask for a better salary. 3. Accept the promotion and get a much higher annual income. Reservation Value? 1. Make her annual income increasing 10% or more. 2. Try something new. 3. Stay in the ci ty and take care of her family.Target? To find a new work with both satisfaction payment and more time to take care of her family. | What are your sources of power? Right to promotion. Provide the new challenges on the consultant job. Provide appropriate holiday adjustment. Right to bonus distribution. | What are your counterpart’s sources of power? Shift to the sales position. Ask for a higher salary or business allowance. Ask for more vacation time. | What is your opening move / first strategy? Talk about her annual performance, and tell her the coming promotion. Compare the annual income before and after promotion.Attract her by the challenge as a team leader. | Other important or unique information / considerations:How long is the travel time she can accept? Her family situation;Is there anything I can do for her or give her some suggestions? | Negotiation Since we now live in different cities, I decided to use the video call interview. Different with telephone conversati on, video call can help me to adjust my negotiating strategy by observing the changes in her face. I started with telling her the purpose for this conversation. Talked about the things the company measures for her position; her contribution to revenue or costs.Based on her performance in 2012, her annual performance is rated B+ and she can get 8% increase in her year-end bonuses. Then, I went to the promotion issue. I analyzed the marketing strategy of our company; the northern market should be one of the most important markets in 2013. Therefore, I need to promote a team leader who can manage the consultant team for northern market. Based on her excellent consultant skill and knowledge of the logistics industry, she is the best man for this position. Lilly showed her satisfaction with the result of annual performance evaluation and was pleased with the chance to be a team leader.But she said she wanted to change to sales department in order to have more time to take care of her fam ily. Since I know that it could not easy to get more time if being a sales manager, I didn’t consider it as the real reason for her shift. Through conversation, I learned that the real reason was her personal annual income was less than Han, which made her feel uncomfortable. I thought I should focus on the income first. Firstly, shifting to sales department was not a good choice since the income will decrease. Continue working as the consultant with expected 5-8% annual income increase.Secondly, I explained that she and Han held different position, their income can’t be compared. Although I cannot tell the specific income data, I consider their income is close. Moreover, if she got the promotion, her annual income should be increased to a higher level. After that, I explained the details of the promotion: the sales commission will be increased from 2% to 2. 5%, after promoting her as the team leader, which means her personal annual income will increase by 15% -20%. Li lly was attracted by the condition, but she still worried about the challenge she will face to and how to deal with the family issues.I told her I can support her work which she didn’t need to be worried about. For family issues, there are two choices: one is getting extra 2 days’ vacation after a 1 month long-term business trip; another is increasing annual vacation time from 10 days to 20 days. She agreed with the latter one at last. Before we ended the conversation, Lilly said she will talk with the coming change with her families, in order to get their support. I think she will convince her families and take the position. Conclusion The result of the negotiation is successful.I do a pretty good preparation work by determine my bottom line and BATNA in time and good strategy can give me the chance to handle the negotiation follow my own idea. Mutual trust is very important in this negotiation process. Because the real reason for her shift was her personal annual inc ome was less than Han, which made her feel uncomfortable. I can’t deny the fact because I need to build the mutual trust. But I can change the way to discuss the income issue and courage her to keep the position. I found out the solution and I got my target at last.

Energy For Today And Tomorrow - 1861 Words

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